Coordinated Campaigns and Information Integrity During the 2023 Israel-Hamas War on Twitter

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Abstract

Coordinated campaigns on social media play a critical role in shaping crisis information environments, particularly during the onset of conflicts when uncertainty is high and verified information is scarce. We study the interplay between coordinated campaigns and information integrity through a case study of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War on Twitter (X). We analyze 4.5 million tweets and employ established coordination detection methods to identify 11 coordinated groups involving 541 accounts. Our analysis reveals that coordinated campaigns rely predominantly on low-complexity tactics, such as retweet amplification and copy-paste diffusion, and promote distinct narratives consistent with a fragmented manipulation landscape, without centralized control. Widely amplified misleading claims concentrate within just three of the identified coordinated groups. These findings suggest that evaluating coordination structures jointly with their specific content footprints is needed to effectively prioritize moderation interventions.

Citation

Elmas, T., Silva, F. N., Pote, M., Dey, P., Chang, K.-C., Ye, J., Luceri, L., Buntain, C., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2026). Israel-Hamas War on X: A Case Study of Coordinated Campaigns and Information Integrity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.10566.

@article{elmas2025israel,
  title     = {Israel-Hamas War on X: A Case Study of Coordinated Campaigns and Information Integrity},
  author    = {Elmas, Tu{\u{g}}rulcan and Silva, Filipi Nascimento and Pote, Manita and Dey, Priyanka and Chang, Keng-Chi and Ye, Jinyi and Luceri, Luca and Buntain, Cody and Ferrara, Emilio and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.10566},
  year      = {2025},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10566}
}